本文参考MIT-Missing-Semester课程

Vim的理念

当我们编程的时候，会花费大量时间阅读和修改代码，Vim是一个模块化编辑器，整个Vim使用一种可编程化按键操作（包括界面和命令），这种设计可以让人们不使用鼠标和键盘方向键来节省时间

模块化编辑

标准模式（Normal）：移动和编辑文件
插入模式（Insert）：插入文本
替换模式（Replace）：替换文本
可视化模式（Visual）：选择文本块
命令行模式（Command-line）：运行命令

Vim在左下角显示当前模式，默认模式为标准模式，大部分时间我们会在标准模式和插入模式中切换（因为经常使用<ESC>，所以很多人重新映射该按键为CapsLock）
切换模式：

标准模式：<ESC>
插入模式：i
替换模式：R
可视化模式：v
可视化行模式：V
可视化块模式：<Ctrl-v>（Ctrl+V，也写作 ^V）
命令行模式：:

基础

插入文本

在标准模式下按i进入插入模式，此时可以像使用其他编辑器一样输入文本，知道按下<ESC>返回标准模式

缓冲区

Vim会生成一系列缓冲文件，一个会话有许多页面和窗口，共享一个缓冲区，这允许我们同时观看一个文件的不同部分，默认情况下，Vim仅开启一个页面和窗口

命令行

在标准模式下按:进入命令行模式，光标会跳到屏幕底部的命令行区域。命令行模式有很多功能，包括打开，保存，关闭文件以及退出Vim

:q退出（关闭窗口）
:w保存（写入文件）
:wq保存并退出
:e {file name}打开文件并编辑
:ls展示打开的缓存
:help {topic}打开帮助

Vim界面操作

移动

基础移动：hjkl（左，下，上，右）
单词：w（下一个单词），b（单词的开头），e（单词的结尾）
行：0（一行的开头）,^（第一个非空格字符）,$（一行的结尾）
屏幕：H（屏幕顶部）,M（屏幕中央）,L（屏幕底部）
滚动：Ctrl-u（上升），Ctrl-d（下降）
文件：gg（文件开头），G（文件结尾）
行号：：{number}<CR>或者{number}G（行号）
杂项：%对应项目
查找：f{character},t{character},F{character},T{character}
- 查找本行前面或后面的字符
- ,/:导航匹配
搜索：/{regex}.n/N导航匹配

选择

可视化模式：

可视化：v
可视化行：V
可视化文本块：Ctrl-v
也可以使用移动按键选择

编辑

i进入插入模式（删除和修改操作使用不止退格键）
o/O在上面或下面插入一行
d{motion}删除{motion}，（dw删除单词，d$删除到行末，d0删除到行首）
c{motion}修改{motion}，（cw修改单词，作用相当于插入模式的d{motion}）
x删除字符（等效于dl）
s替换字符（等效于cl）
可视化模式+操作（选择文本，d删除，c修改）
u撤回，<Ctrl-r>`取消撤回
y复制（d也是复制）
p粘贴
~翻转字符大小写

计数

3w向前移动3个单词
5j向下移动5行
7dw删除7个单词

修改

i：内部
a：周围

ci(改变当前小括号内部的内容
ci[改变当前方括号内部的内容
da'删除一个单引号字符串，包括单引号

个性化Vim

Vim通过一个纯文本配置文件进行个性化（包括命令行命令），在~/.vimrc

推荐按照以下设置修改默认配置：

" Comments in Vimscript start with a `"`.

" If you open this file in Vim, it'll be syntax highlighted for you.

" Vim is based on Vi. Setting `nocompatible` switches from the default
" Vi-compatibility mode and enables useful Vim functionality. This
" configuration option turns out not to be necessary for the file named
" '~/.vimrc', because Vim automatically enters nocompatible mode if that file
" is present. But we're including it here just in case this config file is
" loaded some other way (e.g. saved as `foo`, and then Vim started with
" `vim -u foo`).
set nocompatible

" Turn on syntax highlighting.
syntax on

" Disable the default Vim startup message.
set shortmess+=I

" Show line numbers.
set number

" This enables relative line numbering mode. With both number and
" relativenumber enabled, the current line shows the true line number, while
" all other lines (above and below) are numbered relative to the current line.
" This is useful because you can tell, at a glance, what count is needed to
" jump up or down to a particular line, by {count}k to go up or {count}j to go
" down.
set relativenumber

" Always show the status line at the bottom, even if you only have one window open.
set laststatus=2

" The backspace key has slightly unintuitive behavior by default. For example,
" by default, you can't backspace before the insertion point set with 'i'.
" This configuration makes backspace behave more reasonably, in that you can
" backspace over anything.
set backspace=indent,eol,start

" By default, Vim doesn't let you hide a buffer (i.e. have a buffer that isn't
" shown in any window) that has unsaved changes. This is to prevent you from "
" forgetting about unsaved changes and then quitting e.g. via `:qa!`. We find
" hidden buffers helpful enough to disable this protection. See `:help hidden`
" for more information on this.
set hidden

" This setting makes search case-insensitive when all characters in the string
" being searched are lowercase. However, the search becomes case-sensitive if
" it contains any capital letters. This makes searching more convenient.
set ignorecase
set smartcase

" Enable searching as you type, rather than waiting till you press enter.
set incsearch

" Unbind some useless/annoying default key bindings.
nmap Q <Nop> " 'Q' in normal mode enters Ex mode. You almost never want this.

" Disable audible bell because it's annoying.
set noerrorbells visualbell t_vb=

" Enable mouse support. You should avoid relying on this too much, but it can
" sometimes be convenient.
set mouse+=a

" Try to prevent bad habits like using the arrow keys for movement. This is
" not the only possible bad habit. For example, holding down the h/j/k/l keys
" for movement, rather than using more efficient movement commands, is also a
" bad habit. The former is enforceable through a .vimrc, while we don't know
" how to prevent the latter.
" Do this in normal mode...
nnoremap <Left>  :echoe "Use h"<CR>
nnoremap <Right> :echoe "Use l"<CR>
nnoremap <Up>    :echoe "Use k"<CR>
nnoremap <Down>  :echoe "Use j"<CR>
" ...and in insert mode
inoremap <Left>  <ESC>:echoe "Use h"<CR>
inoremap <Right> <ESC>:echoe "Use l"<CR>
inoremap <Up>    <ESC>:echoe "Use k"<CR>
inoremap <Down>  <ESC>:echoe "Use j"<CR>